AP Top News｜历经数百年冲突后，智利原住民马普切人担忧极右翼政治时代的到来

PEDRO CAYUQUEO, Chile (AP) The Mapuches, Chiles biggest Indigenous group, have endured centuries of battle.

They resisted conquest first by the ancient Incas, then by the Spanish. They fought as the nascent Chilean state annexed their territories and as military dictator Gen. Augusto Pinochet devastated their communities by terminating collective property, allowing for the confiscation and sale of their lands to forestry companies.

Now the Mapuches , who make up roughly 12% of Chiles 19 million people, fear a more violent chapter in their history is yet to come as the country prepares to elect its next president on Sunday in a contest tilted toward the far-right.

It will get much worse with a far-right government, Mapuche political scientist Karen Rivas Cataln, 37, told The Associated Press from her lush plot of land where chickens roam. Our prisons will hold more Mapuches.

The favorite to win Sunday is Jos Antonio Kast , an ultra-conservative former lawmaker who vows deport hundreds of thousands of immigrants without legal status and grant emergency crime-fighting powers to the military and police.

His rival, communist Jeannette Jara , who represents the governing coalition, also has adopted a law-and-order approach to woo voters.

Mapuches are in the crosshairs of a planned crackdown

A turning point for the Mapuches seemed to come in the 2019 social uprising , when Chilean protesters demanding change to the countrys market-led economy adopted the Mapuche flag and breathed new life into their cause. Left-wing President Gabriel Boric came to power vowing to remove troops from their land and replace the dictatorship-era constitution with one enshrining their rights.

But Boric soon redeployed the military. Armed Mapuche groups attacked security forces. The government extended a state of emergency. Voters rejected the proposed constitution that would have ushered in radical social change.

The Mapuche conflict simmering in the rolling hills and verdant forests of the southern region of Araucana is one of the more delicate issues facing the next president of Chile.

But unlike in past presidential elections , possible solutions to the unrest have barely been mentioned in a campaign focused on voters fears about organized crime and illegal migration to the exclusion of almost everything else.

When the Mapuches have come up, it has been in the context of plans for a harsh security crackdown.

We are going to use all constitutional, legal and administrative tools; all intelligence and technology; all force and resources to eradicate terrorism in the region, Kasts campaign said in September.

Kast closed his campaign Thursday in Temuco, a southern city widely considered the capital of the Mapuche people. In a fiery speech delivered from behind bulletproof glass, Kast said the Araucana region around Temuco was battered by fear, by terror, by vandalism.

They are cowards who attack at night with their faces covered and forgive nothing, respect no ones rights, Kast said of Mapuche militants who have carried out sabotage attacks against soldiers and forestry companies that they see as invading their ancestral lands.

We are going to shut down that group, he added, receiving whoops and cheers.

For years, the region has been under the control of Chiles militarized police , which Mapuches accuse of using excessive force.

The groups mistrust toward the state has deepened in recent years with scandals including security forces killings civilians, such as the 2018 shooting of a young, unarmed Mapuche farmer.

In one dramatic case, a police intelligence unit came under investigation in connection with a scheme to fabricate evidence to falsely implicate Mapuches in terrorist activities in 2017. The trial against accused police officers is ongoing.

Indigenous group fears a return to dictatorship-era conflict

To Angelina Cayuqueo, 58, a Mapuche language teacher, this election feels existential.

She is consumed by a terrible fear that if Kast wins, her community will relive the traumas of the brutal Pinochet dictatorship under his government.

Were already afraid that things could happen as they did under Pinochet, because thats what they intend, she said, picking cherries on her land.

During three previous presidential bids, Kast repeatedly expressed a desire to change a law allowing Mapuches to recover their ancestral lands, claiming it encourages violence.

In his latest rally speech, Kast diminished the Mapuche land restitution programs financed by the state after Chiles 1990 return to democracy as expropriation benefiting Mapuche people occupying someone elses land.

Although hundreds of thousands of hectares of land that had been turned over to non-Mapuche farmers and forestry companies during the dictatorship were returned to the Mapuche in the past few decades, the program has done little to change the groups endemic poverty and marginalization.

To them it isnt fair that we as Mapuche recover our lands, Cayuqueo said. They wish the Mapuche people didnt exist in history.

___

DeBre reported from Santiago, Chile.

智利佩德罗·卡尤克奥（美联社电）——作为智利最大的原住民族群，马普切人已历经数百年的抗争。

他们最初抵抗古印加帝国的征服，随后又反抗西班牙殖民者。当新生的智利国家吞并他们的领土时，他们奋起抗争；当军事独裁者奥古斯托·皮诺切特将军废除集体所有制、导致他们的土地被没收并出售给林业公司而摧毁其社区时，他们依然顽强抵抗。

如今，占智利1900万人口约12%的马普切人担心，随着该国即将于周日举行一场倾向于极右翼的总统选举，他们历史上更为暴力的篇章可能即将到来。

“如果极右翼政府上台，情况会变得更糟，”37岁的马普切政治学家卡伦·里瓦斯·卡塔兰在她草木繁茂、鸡群漫步的土地上对美联社表示。“我们的监狱将关押更多马普切人。”

周日选举中最被看好的候选人是何塞·安东尼奥·卡斯特（José Antonio Kast），这位极端保守派前议员承诺将驱逐数十万非法移民，并赋予军队和警察打击犯罪的紧急权力。

他的竞争对手、代表执政联盟的共产党人珍妮特·哈拉（Jeannette Jara）也采取了强化治安的策略来争取选民支持。

马普切人成为计划镇压行动的目标

2019年的社会动荡似乎成为马普切人的转折点。当时，智利抗议者要求改变该国以市场为主导的经济模式，他们高举马普切旗帜，为这一事业注入了新的活力。左翼总统加夫列尔·博里奇上台后承诺从马普切人土地上撤军，并以一部保障其权利的新宪法取代独裁时期的旧宪法。

但博里奇总统很快重新部署了军队。武装的马普切组织袭击了安全部队。政府延长了紧急状态。选民们否决了那本可能引发激进社会变革的新宪法草案。

在智利阿劳卡尼亚大区南部连绵起伏的丘陵与葱郁森林中持续发酵的马普切冲突，将成为下任智利总统面临的最棘手问题之一。

但与往届总统选举不同的是，本次竞选活动几乎完全聚焦于选民对**有组织犯罪**和**非法移民**的担忧，几乎排除了其他所有议题，针对社会动荡的潜在解决方案却鲜少被提及。

每当马普切人（Mapuches）成为焦点时，往往伴随着严厉的安全镇压计划。

卡斯塔斯竞选团队9月表示：“我们将动用一切宪法、法律和行政手段，运用所有情报与技术，调集全部武力与资源，彻底铲除该地区的恐怖主义。”

卡斯特（Kast）周四在特木科结束了竞选活动，这座南部城市被普遍视为马普切人的首府。他在防弹玻璃后发表激昂演讲时称，特木科周边的阿劳卡尼亚地区正'遭受恐惧、恐怖和破坏行为的冲击'。

卡斯特（Kast）在评价马普切（Mapuche）武装分子时表示："这些懦夫蒙面夜袭、毫不宽容，也不尊重任何人的权利。"这些激进分子对士兵和林业公司实施了破坏性袭击，认为他们侵占了祖先的土地。

“我们将关闭那个小组，”他补充道，话音刚落便引来一片欢呼喝彩。

多年来，该地区一直处于智利军事化警察的控制之下，马普切人指控其使用过度武力。

近年来，该群体对政府的不信任感因一系列丑闻而加剧，其中包括安全部队杀害平民的事件，例如2018年一名手无寸铁的年轻马普切农民遭枪击案。

一起引人注目的案件中，某警察情报部门因涉嫌在2017年伪造证据、诬陷马普切人参与恐怖活动而接受调查。目前对涉案警员的审判仍在进行中。

原住民群体担忧独裁时代冲突重演

对于58岁的马普切语教师安吉丽娜·卡尤奎奥而言，这次选举关乎生存。

她被一种“可怕的恐惧”所吞噬，担心如果卡斯特（Kast）胜选，她的社区将在他领导的政府下重新经历皮诺切特独裁统治的创伤。

“我们已经在担心皮诺切特时期的事情会重演，因为这就是他们的意图，”她一边在自己的土地上采摘樱桃，一边说道。

在之前的三次总统竞选中，卡斯特（Kast）多次表示希望修改允许马普切人（Mapuches）收回祖传土地的法律，并声称该法律助长了暴力行为。

在最近的集会演讲中，卡斯特将智利1990年恢复民主后由国家资助的马普切人土地归还计划贬低为"征用"，并称该计划让马普切人"侵占他人土地"而受益。

尽管过去几十年间，独裁统治时期划拨给非马普切农民和林业公司的数十万公顷土地已归还马普切人，但这一计划对改善该群体长期存在的贫困和边缘化问题收效甚微。

卡尤奎欧表示："对他们来说，我们马普切人收回土地是不公平的。" "他们希望马普切民族从未在历史上存在过。"

德布雷（DeBre）从智利圣地亚哥发回报道。